Description
公元7世紀初 大唐早期 局部鎏金 莲瓣弧腹 如意云纹双狮/狻猊/海獸底银碗
根據齊東方先生分類弧腹 I 式唐式金銀碗,有明顯粟特銀器特徵。
規格: 高4CM,直徑12CM,
双狮(狻猊)周围环绕绳索纹圆框和如意云纹,属萨珊徽章式纹样
器躰有12個由口及底的瓣莲叶。叶内饰缠枝花卉,叶尖饰12个动物图案。对称饰6种鎏金动物,大雁,麻雀,喜鹊,鹦鹉,獐子,狍子。
足底有一周突起的聯珠 (唐早期特征),聯珠规整,大小均匀。
底部錾双鹊缠枝花卉。
参考: 鎏金双狮纹菱弧形圈足银盒 发布时间: 2014-05-14
陕西扶风县法门寺地宫出土。通高11.2、足高2.4厘米。重799克。盒体呈菱弧形,直壁,浅腹,平底,喇叭形圈足。盖、身上下对称,以子母口扣合。盖缘饰一周莲瓣纹,盖面内以联珠组成一个菱形,与周边呈斗方布局,内菱形中部錾刻两只跳跃的狮子,四周衬以西番莲与缠枝蔓草,内外菱形的角隅饰背分式西蕃莲纹样,腹壁上下均錾刻有二方连续的莲叶蔓草。圈足饰一周简化莲瓣。盒盖内底墨书“内库”二字。圈足外底錾刻文字曰:“进奉 延庆节金花陆寸方盒壹具,重贰拾两,江南西道都团练观察处置等使臣李进”。
参考文献: 《法门寺考古发掘报告》(上、下册),文物出版社,2007年
作者:李来玉
文章出处:中国考古网
参考:鉴赏中国国家博物馆藏:
1956年陕西西安八府庄出土
盛唐金花大银盘
来源:国博君
高6.7厘米,口径40厘米
唐代文献中有金花银盘之说,指饰有鎏金花纹的银盘。《安禄山事迹》载,唐玄宗曾赐安禄山“金花大银盘四”。鎏金也称涂金,是把成色很高的黄金锤击成薄片,然后剪成细丝,放入干净的锅内加热烧红,再倒入七倍于金丝重量的水银里,搅拌均匀成泥状,之后再放于冷却后的金泥里加入硝酸,再切剜金泥并反复涂抹在已刻好的纹饰上,涂抹均匀后,用温水冲洗掉硝酸,然后加以烘烤,并用水晶或玛瑙不停研磨鎏金部位,使原先金泥中的水银挥发掉,最后把银盘的表面抛光,一件鎏金器物就制作完成了。这件狮纹银盘作葵花形,下面有三足,盘中饰狮子纹,周边没有辅助纹样,盘缘的花纹松散,正是盛唐时期金花银盘所具有的特征。
唐代银盘发现甚多,带足者有10件,多数是三足,少数为四足,保存完好的都是卷曲式的足,如河北省宽城出土的鹿纹菱花形银盘,日本正仓院藏鹿纹葵花形银盘、折枝花菱花形银盘,内蒙古自治区赤峰出土的摩羯纹葵花形银盘等。唐墓壁画中也有大量金银器物的形象。房龄大长公主墓前室壁画中就描绘了两个卷足盘,一个为五足圆盘,另一个是四足多曲盘,应是取材于当时社会上流行的金银器式样。
狮子不产于中国本土,主要产于非洲和西亚。唐代之前虽有狮子从西域进贡,但由于路途遥远,到达中原很不容易,而且这种野性猛兽不易豢养,一般人很难见到。隋唐时期由于丝绸之路繁盛,西域国家向唐代皇家进贡的狮子也随之多了,以致在唐代皇家禁苑中豢养的狮子不绝。贞观九年(公元635年)康国贡献了一头狮子,唐太宗命虞世南作《狮子赋》加以赞誉,赋中不仅介绍了狮子运来途中的艰险,也具体描绘了狮子的外貌和威猛,“瞋目电曜,发声雷响。拉虎吞貔,裂犀分象”。当时更多的贡狮则来自吐火罗、米国、波斯以及大食国等。
唐代经济繁荣,对外交往频繁,工匠们融会贯通,汲取外来文化的长处,将外来纹样与传统纹样融为一体,纹饰逐渐丰富,并创造了具有本民族特色的器物,使金银器装饰纹样、器型及制作工艺在唐代达到了前所未有的高度。这件狮纹金花银盘正是这种背景下的产物。
(本文选自中国国家博物馆编《文物里的古代中国》一书,作者赵永系中国国家博物馆研究馆员。)
参考:首都博物馆 双狮纹鎏金錾花银盒
大辽契丹耶律羽之墓出土。
银盒方圆形,花式口,曲腹,缺圈足。腹部錾刻缠枝花卉。器盖顶部圆凸,纹饰以模压为主,局部錾刻。正面主体纹饰分两层:中心双狮腾跃,花枝缠绕,外围以凸线、联珠、花朵等为边;外层为飞鸟、昆虫、云朵、缠枝组合纹饰,以宝相莲瓣纹作边框。侧边为奔驰的双狮、双鹿、双羊及花卉纹。
契丹辽承袭了晚唐贵族的奢靡之风,喜戴金银玉器和各种珠宝,从皇家宗室贵族墓葬出土的繁多金银饰品可见一斑。学者把辽代金银器分为三期,耶律羽之墓出土的大量金银器是一期的代表。一期器形种类多,纹饰繁缛,工艺精湛,受唐文化影响很大。纹饰采用环带加单点装饰和满地装饰,环带加单点装饰用于碗,盘,杯等,而满地装饰用于砚,盒等。
唐 海獸葡萄紋 鏡
銅鏡-海獸葡萄鏡,又稱海馬葡萄鑑、狻猊葡萄鏡、瑞獸葡萄鏡/瑞獸為西域引進的獅子,即是海馬、海獸或狻猊/海獸葡萄紋鏡是唐代銅鏡最具價值的鏡類,它的紋飾圖案充滿了神秘色彩,被許多專家學者稱之為「多謎之鏡」 。
狻猊(石獅+香爐+屋頂九個走獸)是古代神話傳說中龍生九子之一 。形如獅,喜煙好坐,所以形像一般出現在香爐上,隨之吞煙吐霧。 古書記載是與獅子同類能食虎豹的猛獸,亦是威武百獸率從之意。常出現在中國宮殿建築,佛教佛像,瓷器香爐上/騎鳳仙人-姜太公,後面依次排列龍、鳳、獅子、天馬、海馬、狻猊、狎魚、獬豸、鬥牛、行什。
古獸辟邪/貔貅是一種兇猛瑞獸,而這種猛獸分為雌性及雄性,雄性名「貔」,雌性名為「貅」。在古時,這種瑞獸分一角和兩角的,一角的稱為「天祿」,兩角的稱為「辟邪」.
歷史
在隋代及唐代,以瑞獸和葡萄構成主題的紋飾頗為流行。一般相信海獸葡萄鏡出現於唐高宗在位及武則天執政年間(649年至705年)。因為考古學家曾於1958年陝西西安洪慶村獨孤思貞(死於武則天在位時)的墓穴中出土過葡萄鏡,反映該類紋飾在隋代及唐代年間最為流行。但獨孤思貞墓中的葡萄鏡並非最早出土的同類鏡子。
最早出現的是在1970年代於陝西禮泉縣馬寨村鄭仁泰墓中出土、產於唐高宗麟德元年(664年)的瑞獸葡萄鏡。
事實上,自唐高宗麟德二年(665年)至唐玄宗開元十年(722年),皇室墓穴普遍都有陪葬品海獸葡萄鏡。海獸葡萄鏡在唐代鏡子的紋飾中,構圖最為繁縟,鑄造工藝最為複雜而精湛。葡萄鏡的構圖精巧表現了盛唐期間富麗堂皇的氣象,也反映唐代對外的文化交流。1980年,陝西漢中地區西鄉縣出土一面直徑29釐米的海獸葡萄鏡,現為陝西歷史博物館館藏。
形狀紋飾
海獸葡萄鏡為伏獸鈕,內區為三龍三獸,外區為瑞獸。鏡背有雀鳥相間環繞,葡萄及葉蔓鋪地的圖案。而紋飾中的瑞獸為西域引進的獅子,即是海馬、海獸或狻猊。葡萄鏡呈圓形。其直徑長17.7釐米,厚1.7釐米。重量計有1608克。 有些種類的海獸葡萄鏡以碩大的葡萄葉蔓作地紋,葡萄穗在邊緣區點綴。雕塑方面則有二隻奔逐的野豬、二隻振翅的鳳凰,一對雌雄梅花鹿,二隻長勁細腿翱翔翻飛的山鶴。外區紋飾除了鳳凰之外,其餘的紋飾在海獸葡萄鏡的類別中都極為罕見。
唐代海獸葡萄紋鏡上的海獸究竟是什麼動物?似馬非馬,似虎非虎!
隋唐時期,銅鏡的造型更加豐富,打破了圓形的傳統造型,適應主題紋飾的變化,出現了葵花形、菱花形等花式鏡。製作工藝也更加精美,各種花紋應有盡有。
唐代銅鏡是中國古代銅鏡史上的第三個高峰。海獸葡萄紋鏡的出現,是唐代高浮雕藝術的具體實踐,它所帶給人的美感是空前的。
這面海獸葡萄紋鏡 直徑9.5厘米,邊厚1厘米。圓形,龜形紐,以高浮雕葡萄紋為主題紋飾,鏡背被一凸起的連珠紋圈分為兩區,內區有5隻相互追逐嬉戲的海獸和葡萄果實、枝葉等;外區有葡萄枝葉、飛禽、蝴蝶等,整個鏡背圖案顯得華麗而繁縟。
「海馬」、「海獸」是什麼動物至今並沒有一致的說法,有人說它是「海馬」,有人說它是「狻猊」。清代人注意到了銅鏡上的獸「似馬非馬」,似虎非虎,故稱之為「海獸」。銅鏡能反射光線,自古以來人們就認為它有辟邪的功能,把海獸雕刻在銅鏡上,人們相信其辟邪的威力會倍增。至於為何將海獸與葡萄組合起來作為鏡子的裝飾,到目前為止也沒有確切的解釋。有學者認為可能起源於古希臘的酒神崇拜,想要表現的意象應是大自然的和諧優美。還有學者認為,葡萄具有顆粒繁多的特點,和石榴一樣,有多子的寓意,貫穿在葡萄果實之間那些長長的枝條藤蔓,則是子孫繁衍不絕的象徵。
唐代的海獸葡萄紋鏡,既有濃厚的異域色彩,又有豐富的傳統文化意味,是中外文化交流的產物。海獸葡萄紋鏡因其精美的紋飾和奢華的鑄造工藝,被公認為中國古代銅鏡中的特色代表,是中國銅鏡發展史上最具代表性的鏡種之一,更是無數銅鏡收藏家、收藏愛好者追捧的對象,有著廣泛的社會影響和非凡魅力。
海獸葡萄紋鏡主要流行在唐高宗、武則天時期。鏡體厚重,一般用高錫、青銅鑄造而成的。鏡背紋飾採用高浮雕工藝鑄造,造型生動,立體感強。其形制主要為圓形,少量呈方形、菱花形。海獸葡萄紋鏡的尺寸從直徑幾厘米到30多厘米之間皆有。
北京故宮博物院內收藏有一塊「海馬葡萄鏡」,其直徑為12.1厘米,厚0.9厘米,重580克。
銅鏡呈圓形,沿較高,背面中為異獸鈕。鈕的周圍分內外兩輪區,其間有一周凸棱相隔,四周飾有姿態相同、側伏於地的四海馬,海馬周圍是枝條交錯纏連的葡萄紋,枝葉上有雀鳥飛落,百態千姿。紋飾全部為浮雕式,此鏡古樸典雅,圖案奇特逼真,製作精良。
唐代馬的藝術形象十分豐富,銅鏡上的海馬形象「似馬非馬」,有關專家認為這是受了漢代「天馬」神話傳說的影響。
早年德國有位學者認為「海馬」是古代伊朗與祭祀有關的一種植物Haoma,後轉化變為「海馬」。還有人認為「海馬」是海外的馬。
古傳中國青海有日行千里的「青海驄」,有的學者認為「海馬」便是這種「青海之馬」的簡稱。顯然,這些是人們的推測。清代人注意到了銅鏡上的獸「似馬非馬」,故稱之為「海獸」。
關於獸與葡萄的組合,應該起源於古希臘的酒神崇拜。在早期的酒神崇拜中,葡萄紋作為伴隨紋出現在藝術作品中,後來不斷發展,逐漸形成規則的圖案,而且在葡萄間穿插禽鳥、動物和人類。
這種組合仍然含有很大的表意功能,人們想表現的是大自然的和諧優美,同時也使畫面顯得活潑生動。
隨著人類文明的進步,這一圖案的裝飾審美作用日益為人們所重視,逐漸脫離了酒神的範疇,成為一種裝飾圖案。
這種紋樣傳到中國後,與中國傳統的瑞獸紋相組合,被裝飾於銅鏡上,形成一種在眾人看來非常奇怪的組合。而二者的組合只在唐代出現在銅鏡上。
其實,從漢代張騫通西域後,我國就開始了葡萄的種植。在當時的絲織品上也有了葡萄的紋飾。唐代的繁榮發展,在銅鏡上飾葡萄紋飾也就不足為奇。
此外,瑞獸紋飾在中國也早有傳說。六朝、隋、唐初的銅鏡上極為盛行。但由於唐代對外交流廣泛,中西文化的交流和影響,古代的藝術家、工匠們很容易在制鏡時將傳統的中西藝術風格巧妙的結合起來,又形成了具有自己民族風格的紋樣。
這一點也是希臘、羅馬、波斯等藝術風格和我國瑞獸葡萄鏡的作風有區別的原因所在。
銅鏡的使用方法與現代的玻璃鏡相同,既可做架放於桌案上,也可以鈕內繫繩於壁上。中國唐代銅鏡常被作為禮品贈送。因此,鏡背面多為「吉祥」的圖案。
葡萄蔓延的枝條和豐碩的果實,象徵著「富貴長青」,深受人們的喜愛。所以,葡萄紋鏡在唐代的銅鏡中不論質量與數量都居首位。
鏡背紋飾系高浮雕,主題圖案以葡萄和海獸組成,從當前出土及在拍賣上出現的「海獸葡萄鏡」來看,其主紋飾的布局有兩種形式:
一種是內區為數隻海獸相互追逐嬉戲,海獸之間布滿葡萄的葉子和果實,外區為飛禽葡萄蔓枝果實;
另外一種被稱為「過梁式海獸葡萄鏡」,畫面雖被分為內外兩區,但是內區的葡萄枝蔓卻沿著中間的分割圈伸入外區,外區雖以葡萄蔓枝為主,但是還間以飛禽走獸和迷你蜂蝶之類,有些邊緣也有裝飾。
海獸葡萄鏡因為其精美的紋飾和奢華的鑄造工藝,是中國古代銅鏡中公認的特色代表,其發展貫穿於整個唐代始末。
其中唐朝初期多為瑞獸鏡。
a、瑞獸鏡,取材多是傳說中的神獸,如龍、狻猊,被神化了的獅虎,同時為了表現氣勢還多在瑞獸旁鑄出雲紋、植物紋陪襯紋飾等;
b、四神十二生肖鏡,四神為漢代以來傳統題材,即朱雀、玄武、青龍、白虎,它們和十二生肖,已鏡鈕為中心等分排列在鏡背。
c、瑞獸葡萄鏡,又稱海馬葡萄鏡,主要裝飾為葡萄紋,而海獸分飾其間,有的鏡背用圓圈分出內外區,葡萄枝蔓由內區向外區伸展稱「過架葡萄」。
其大小造型、曲律半徑、製作工藝等方面十分講究。所制銅鏡工藝精良,質地厚重,鏡背銘文、圖案豐富多樣。銅鏡的構圖雖然還是環繞式和對稱式的表現手法,但是布局清新明朗,流暢華麗,自由活潑,特別是高浮雕技法,生氣充沛,柔美自然。
目前就有這樣一件海獸葡萄紋鏡展現在國內知名藝術網站上—虎拍藝術網。這件海獸葡萄紋鏡古銅鏡,鑄造出自唐代,銅鏡直徑約20cm,厚約11mm,重約1230g。銅鏡圓形,厚重,質地泛白,以高浮雕葡萄紋為主題紋飾,圖案的構造別具特色,絢麗多姿,間有栩栩如生、活靈活現的奇神異獸。其構圖方式分作內外兩圈,由於葡萄及長瓣花之枝蔓由內圈連亘於外圈,甚至延及外緣,故世人亦稱此種銅鏡為「不過梁式葡萄紋鏡」
瑞獸葡萄鏡流行於盛唐的武則天、唐中宗時期,葡萄、獅子由西域傳入,這種紋飾是當時東西方文化交流的產物。
参考:online 文章:双狮莲瓣纹金碗 唐代金银器珍品 (疑仿品)
金碗系澆鑄成形,細工平鏨。器型端莊,碗壁厚重,侈口弧腹圓足。十二瓣仰蓮凸凹有致,每瓣內鏨刻卷草紋。
Ref. 相似藏品: 陕西历史博物馆 唐 鎏金双狮银碗
文物造型
银碗口沿下内束,折成略有弧状的斜壁。圜底,外腹壁捶出十朵如意云头,器底焊接附加鎏金圆饰片。圆片内以鱼子纹为底,中心模冲出两只相对的瑞狮,双口衔着枝,脚下亦装饰一株折枝花,边缘为一圈绳索纹,绳索纹外加饰一周向内翻卷的波浪纹,纹饰均鎏金。
文化背景
银碗口沿下内束,折成略有弧状的斜壁。圜底,外腹壁捶出十朵如意云头,器底焊接附加鎏金圆饰片。圆片内以鱼子纹为底,中心模冲出两只相对的瑞狮,双口衔折纸,脚下亦装饰一株折枝花,边缘为一圈绳索纹,绳索纹外加饰一周向内翻卷的波浪纹,纹饰均鎏金。
唐王朝的繁荣与开放,使唐朝的文化呈现出缤纷的多元化风格,表现在手工业制作上则是除了丰富的中国传统工艺和装饰风格外,还有许多从西域传入的外来文化元素。尤其是金银器,无论从制作工艺还是装饰纹样都有外域文化的烙印。
这件双狮纹银碗的碗体上捶揲出一周如意云头,使整个银碗的外形饱满厚重,极富立体感。而这种在碗壁上以捶揲技术制作出凹凸纹样的手法在古代中亚、西亚乃至地中海沿岸都十分流行,它是西方器皿特有的风格,更是西方古老的文化传统。而银碗碗底的主纹饰外围环绕着绳索纹圆框的装饰手法,也并非是中国古代传统的装饰手法,它应是波斯萨珊银器影响的产物,其形式大都为中间是狮、鹿和瑞兽,周围绕以绳索式圆框或花瓣。这种手法在萨珊银器中被称为“徽章式纹样”。银碗中双狮的对称布局符合中国传统审美中均衡对称的要求,而双狮口中的折枝花和碗体装饰的如意云头纹为典型的中国传统纹样。可以看出,唐代工匠们并不是单一地借用外来文化,而是将其有机地与本国的文化统一起来。所以这件双狮纹银碗可说是融合了中西方艺术风格的精美之作。
參考:陕西历史博物馆 西安市南郊何家村 唐代 鸳鸯莲瓣纹金碗
鎏金双狮纹银碗 发布时间: 2014-05-06
西安何家村出土。银碗口沿下内束,折成略有弧状的斜壁。圜底,外腹壁捶出十朵如意云头,器底焊接附加鎏金圆饰片。圆片内以鱼子纹为底,中心模冲出两只相对的瑞狮,双口衔折枝花,脚下亦装饰一株折枝花,边缘为一圈绳索纹,绳索纹外加饰一周向内翻卷的波浪纹,纹饰均鎏金。
唐王朝的繁荣与开放,是唐朝的文化呈现出缤纷的多元化风格,表现在手工业制作上则是除了丰富的中国传统工艺和装饰风格外,还有许多从西域传入的外来文化元素。尤其是金银器,无论从制作工艺还是装饰纹样都有外域文化的烙印。这件双狮纹银碗的碗体上捶揲出一周如意云头,使整个银碗的外形饱满厚重,极富立体感。而这种在碗壁上以捶揲技术制作出凹凸纹样的手法在古代中亚、西亚乃至地中海沿岸都十分流行,它是西方器皿特有的风格,更是西方古老的文化传统。而银碗碗底的主纹饰外围环绕着绳索纹圆框的装饰手法,也并非是中国古代传统的装饰手法,它应是波斯萨珊银器影响的产物,其形式大都为中间是狮、鹿和瑞兽,周围绕以绳索式圆框或花瓣。这种手法在萨珊银器中被称为“徽章式纹样”。银碗中双狮的对称布局符合中国传统审美中均衡对称的要求,双狮口中的折枝花和碗体装饰的如意云头纹为典型的中国传统纹样。可以看出,唐代工匠们并不是单一地借用外来文化,而是将其与本国的文化统一起来。所以这件双狮纹银碗是融合了中西方艺术风格的精美之作。
参考文献: 《花舞大唐春——何家村遗宝精粹》 文物出版社,2003年5月
陕西历史博物馆网—馆藏精品 作者:李来玉 文章出处:中国考古网
腹部外壁为两层浮雕式的仰莲瓣,每层有十瓣。上层每个莲瓣中心处分别錾刻出狐、兔、獐、鹿、鹦鹉、鸳鸯等动物,周围则填以形态各异的花草;下层莲瓣内均錾刻忍冬花草。此碗流光溢彩、富丽堂皇,使人留连忘返。
职称:国宝级
户籍登记时间:1996年
陕西历史博物馆珍藏的鸳鸯莲瓣纹金碗,被誉为“大唐第一金碗”。这对璀璨夺目的金碗,宛如一幅栩栩如生的画卷,中西方文化技艺的交流融合跃然其上。今天,就让我们透过鸳鸯莲瓣纹金碗 , 去感受盛世大唐的传奇。
1 一对盛放的大唐金莲
20世纪70年代,随着何家村窖藏被发现,鸳鸯莲瓣纹金碗得以重见天日。
顾名思义,鸳鸯莲瓣纹金碗有两只。这两只碗的大小、造型、纹饰基本相同,高约5.6厘米,口径约13.5厘米,纹饰凹凸有致,犹如两朵盛开的金莲花。
这两只碗的碗身錾刻着精美的纹样,外壁碗腹上刻有上下两层莲花瓣纹饰,每层十瓣。每层花瓣中都有不同的装饰图案。上一层每片莲花瓣中分别以狐、兔、獐、鹿、鹦鹉、鸳鸯等动物作为纹饰,周围则以形态各异的花草为底。这些动物或抬腿狂奔,或回头相顾,或展翅飞翔,栩栩如生。下一层每片莲花瓣中都刻有统一的忍冬纹,空白处装饰着密密麻麻的鱼子纹。
“如此复杂精细的纹饰,完全靠手工在碗壁一点一点捶打出来。”陕西历史博物馆文物保管部主任贺达炘(xīn)介绍。
说到这里,大家一定会好奇,到底谁才能使用如此华丽精美的金碗呢?据《唐律疏议》记载:“器物者,一品以下,食器不得用纯金、纯玉。”因此,使用金银器也成为人们等级身份的象征,由此可推断金碗最主要的使用者应该是皇室贵族。同时,金银器也经常作为皇帝奖励有功大臣时的赏赐。
那么,这两只金碗的用途是什么呢?据中国古代文献《唐摭言》记载,唐文宗在赏赐大臣美酒时“命赐酒二盘,每盘贮十金碗,每碗各容一升许,宣令并碗赐之”。因此,有学者认为它们是作为酒具使用的。“谁能载酒开金盏,唤取佳人舞绣筵”“弦吟玉柱品,酒透金杯热”等唐诗充分反映了金银器皿在唐代流行的情况。
值得一提的是,这两只碗的内壁还分别墨书“九两半”“九两三”。“这表明了碗的重量。墨书的存在说明这些贵重的金银器在封存之后再也没有被动扰过,直至重见天日。金银器称重入藏是为了防止以小换大、以轻换重,反映了唐代严格的金银器管理制度。”贺达炘介绍。
2 中西融合的结晶
高足杯并非中国传统器型,其最早出现于欧洲古罗马时代,拜占庭时代沿用,在唐代以前就已传入中国
在工艺上锤鍱、模冲、錾刻、编累、掏丝等技法均大量应用于金银器装饰,但更为华丽精美的金炸珠装饰技法却未能得到广泛应用
中西文化、技艺的融合在这对金碗身上体现得淋漓尽致。
唐朝政治稳定、经济空前繁荣,是我国历史上一个繁盛的黄金时代。丝绸之路的畅通,外来文化对唐人的生活产生了极大影响,其中追捧西域的金银器成为唐代上层社会的一种时尚。
唐代是中国古代金银工艺最发达的时期。这背后则是大唐经济的空前繁荣和社会的富足丰裕。
唐代贵族对金银器的崇尚,促进了它的制作工艺。从唐代明确规定一品以上的高官贵族才可以使用纯金的食器来看,当时对金银器皿的崇尚已经渗透到社会等级观念之中,更增添了金银器的诱惑力。贺达炘介绍,对金银器的崇尚,扩大了社会需求量,也促使金银器制造越来越精美。
作坊的兴盛为唐代金银器的制作提供了充足的技术力量。在官府作坊中,来自各地的有熟练技术的金银工匠相互学习、取长补短,加之原材料充足,生产条件优越,产品不计成本,故能全心全意地进行创作。
与此同时,唐代还制定了教授、培养后备人才的制度。据《新唐书·百官志》记载,唐代中央官府手工业作坊中的各种工匠,需经过培训后才能正式上岗。“细镂之工,教以四年”,这说明“细镂之工”即金银细工是各种工匠中培训时间最长的工匠,金银器工艺则是当时难度最大的手工业技术。
外来文化则对金银器的发展起到了推波助澜的作用。“外来物品给唐人带来了新奇和丰富的想象,启发、改变了人们的思想和行为,为唐代金银器的创新发展提供了契机。”贺达炘说。
随着唐代中外文化交流的大规模展开,西亚、中亚等地的商人、工匠纷纷来到大唐,他们在带来大量国外产品的同时,也带来了包括金银器制造在内的不少工艺技术。在外来工艺中,对中国金银器影响最大的是捶揲工艺。捶揲工艺最早出现在公元前2000多年的西亚、中东地区,并大量用于金银器的成型制作。由于金银均具有较好的延展性,捶揲成型更能体现金银制品的特质和美感,因此得到了广泛应用。考古出土的唐代金银器绝大部分都是捶揲成型,足见其影响之大。鸳鸯莲瓣纹金碗便是其中的代表之作。
由于中西方在政治、宗教、艺术以及生活习俗上的差异,唐代工匠在借鉴西方工艺的同时,也进行了创新,使器物的造型、纹样变得更适合中国人的使用和审美习惯。
“金碗腹部捶揲出的双层莲瓣属于凸瓣装饰,展现了唐代金银器装饰艺术的最大魅力,是中西方文化、技艺融合的结晶。”贺达炘说。
3 何家村遗宝之谜
1970年10月5日,西安市南郊何家村的一座两层高的楼房正在施工。当地基挖到深约0.8米的时候,施工人员发现一个陶瓮。打开陶瓮,大家都惊呆了,里面装着满满的金杯银碗。在陶瓮的不远处,还有一个银罐,里面也全是金银器。随后的挖掘,大家又发现了第二个陶瓮,和第一个大小相同,同样装满了金银器物。
一夜之间,何家村吸引了考古界的目光。这两瓮一罐内共有文物1000余件,有玛瑙器、水晶器、玻璃器、玉器、金箔、钱币、银铤、银饼、银板,还有玉带銙、玉镯等玉器。另有朱砂、石英、琥珀、钟乳石等中药材。其中数量最多的是金银器。
这批珍宝出土之后,它的主人是谁至今仍是谜题。考古专家在窖藏珍宝源自宫廷这一点达成共识,但对于埋宝人的身份目前主要有两种说法。
第一种说法认为,这批宝藏的主人可能是唐邠王李守礼。李守礼是唐高宗李治之孙,著名的章怀太子李贤次子。专家们认为,遗宝出土地点是邠王府附近,李守礼地位可以和拥有这批文物相匹配。专家推测,可能由于安史之乱,李守礼将这些宝藏匆忙埋入地下。
但是,有学者认为,李守礼早在安史之乱十几年前就去世,把遗宝和他联系起来有一定的困难。同时,史书记载李守礼是一个挥霍无度、放荡不羁的人。这样的人,手里若掌握着这么一批珍宝,很可能早已挥霍。此外,随着研究的深入,研究者在这批宝藏中还发现了安史之乱之后的器皿。因此,宝藏的主人是李守礼的可能性不大。
还有一种说法认为,何家村遗宝的主人是唐代租庸使刘震。租庸使的职责之一就是保管朝廷的财物。所以,何家村遗宝可能是收缴上来的庸调及保管的宫廷珍宝。史书记载,租庸使刘震当时就居住在窖藏出土的兴化坊中。
遗宝的埋藏年代应在唐德宗建中四年(公元783年)爆发的泾原兵变中。据《唐两京城坊考》记载,泾原兵变时,刘震让人押着金银罗锦二十驮出城外逃,自己则与家人随后赶来。北京大学考古文博学院教授齐东方猜测,在突遭战乱时,谁也无法预料未来会如何。有权力处置官府财物的刘震先派外甥王仙客押载金银财宝二十驮出逃,而自己则和家人随身携带经精心挑选的宫廷珍宝去会合。
这样的猜测在唐传奇《无双传》中得到了印证。《无双传》以唐德宗建中年间的泾原兵变为依托,讲述了王仙客、刘无双曲折离奇的爱情故事。《无双传》记载,当时带着珍宝的刘震想要出城逃逸,结果城门守卫遵照命令不给朝廷要员开门,刘震只好往自己家的方位跑去。由于刘震当时做了叛军的命官,在唐军收复京城之后,刘震夫妇被问斩。
“可以这样推测,在无法出城的情况下,刘震只好返回家中把这些珍宝埋藏在地下。因此,直到出土前,这批珍宝的下落都无人知晓。”贺达炘说,“但因为历史久远,对这批窖藏宝物是谁埋的、在什么情况埋下的等问题只能靠推断,还需要进一步探索。”
记者手记:文明在交流互鉴中焕发光彩
采访过后,我又进入展馆,在这只金碗跟前,久久不愿离去。回味着它的前世今生,我仿佛看到了历史烟尘中的盛唐长安——
皇室手工作坊几件贵重的金银器也要随着秋收季节的到来制作完毕。暑热渐退,天气转凉。在烛光的映照下,老工匠的额头和鼻尖渗出一层薄薄的汗珠。他正聚精会神地用工具敲打着一只金碗,一点点、一下下,一片莲瓣跃然碗上。老工匠摸了摸这片莲瓣,又对着灯光仔细观察,露出了满意的笑容。
这般娴熟的技艺,整个大唐恐怕也找不到第二个人了。他十几岁开始学习金银器制作,一辈子只干了这一件事。几十年来,他把全部心血倾注在这敲敲打打中。无数个日日夜夜,他忘记困倦饥饿,只为了一道纹饰的灵动鲜活。他清楚地记得,自己手艺的突飞猛进是在那位长着大胡子的西方工匠来到作坊之后。他们敬佩对方的手艺,语言不通却丝毫没有影响交流。他们整日切磋:他教他西方的捶揲技术,他教他东方纹饰;他们一起研究如何制作出更精美的金银器皿……
他的捶揲技艺在大唐无人能及,他手下的花鸟鱼虫活灵活现。这样的碗已经做好了一只。这只做好,老工匠也要回老家颐养天年了……
盛世煮酒,把盏言欢。不知哪些权贵,捧着金碗,醉倒在歌舞升平中?不知他们可曾想到打造出金碗的老工匠?最终,在历史的兜兜转转中,这两只碗尘封地下,直到何家村窖藏的发现,得以重见天日,为世人惊叹。
岁月不居,时节如流。一千多年后,还有谁和我一样,驻足在展台前浮想联翩。
一千多年前,这对金碗不仅凝聚了一名大唐工匠的心血,更见证了大唐的兼容并蓄、开放包容。它是唐代金银器中华美的国宝。一千多年后,这对金碗不管走到哪里,都为世人瞩目,不同国家、不同种族、不同语言的人们,感受着盛唐文明和璀璨的中华文化。他们是文明的载体,文化的使者,诠释着人类对美好的向往与追求。
文明因交流而多彩,文明因互鉴而丰富。鸳鸯莲瓣纹金碗的传奇还将继续。
来源:陕西日报
记者:张梅
參考:法門寺地宮 鎏金双狮纹菱弧形圈足银盒
盒体呈菱弧状,上下对称,以子母口扣合。
盖面内以联珠组成一个菱形,与周边呈相斗的布局,内菱形中部錾两只腾跃的狮子,四周衬以莲与缠枝蔓草,内外菱形的角隅饰背分式西番莲纹样,腹壁上下均錾二方连续的莲叶蔓草,圈足饰一周简莲瓣。
盒底外壁竖錾4行33字:“进奉延庆节金花陆寸方合壹具重贰拾两江南西道都团练观察处置使臣李进”。
參考: 老莊的敝帚-中國骨董文物專業收藏部落格
唐代銀鎏金錘鍱鏨刻雙獅紋四出菱花形盒
唐代銀鎏金鏨刻雙獅紋四出菱花形盒
高8.2 腹徑15.5 足徑12公分 323公克
此件銀鎏金鏨刻雙獅紋四出菱花形盒,材質為銀製品,雕工細緻繁複流暢,為唐代典型風格。此銀盒造型及紋飾與1987年陜西扶風法門寺地宮出土唐代鎏金雙獅紋銀盒相似度達九成,會不會是近現代根據法門寺銀盒所仿製?由皮殼包漿判斷應是自然風化的老件,而非人工作舊仿古。那會不會是清代仿唐風格?問題是唐代金銀器是自二十世紀五十年代起才不斷出土。
最重要的1970年陜西西安南郊何家村唐窖藏出土、1982年江蘇丹徒丁卯橋在一處唐代居住址發現銀器窖藏及1987年陜西扶風法門寺地宮三大批發現,出土大量唐代金銀器,世人才正式全面認識唐代金銀器,清代當時是不可能有仿唐代風格的金銀器,所以此銀盒是極大可能是唐到代銀盒。那是初唐、盛唐還是晚唐製品? 唐代中央官府專門設置了作坊,民間也有私人經營,此銀盒是官造,還是地方製作?法門寺地宮出土共2499件精品文物,其中金銀器121件(組),大量是器皿,包括盆、盒、波羅子、羹碗、碟、香爐、香囊、茶具一套、缽盂、瓶。皆為唐代皇帝迎送佛指舍利敬獻之供奉品或皇帝用品。其中唐代鎏金雙獅紋銀盒底外壁豎鏨4行33字:“進奉延慶節金花陸寸方合壹具重貳拾兩江南西道都團練觀察處置使臣李進”,係屬於晚唐文物,此銀盒應為地方官員進奉皇室,再由皇室供奉法門寺地宮。個人收藏此件銀盒與法門寺銀盒應屬晚唐同一時期、江南同一地區甚至同一民間作坊所製作,只不過法門寺銀盒因要進奉皇室製作尺寸較大些,厚度較厚些。以上為個人大膽臆測,尚請對唐代金銀器學有專精的先進,不吝提供鑑定意見。
Ref. 佳士得 2019 | 现场拍卖 18338
金紫银青 – 中国早期金银器粹珍
拍品 551
A VERY RARE AND IMPORTANT LARGE PARCEL-GILT SILVER BOWL
TANG DYNASTY (AD 618-907)
成交价USD 3,495,000
估价USD 2,000,000 – USD 3,000,000
拍品终止拍卖: 11 9月 2019
细节
A VERY RARE AND IMPORTANT LARGE PARCEL-GILT SILVER BOWL
TANG DYNASTY (AD 618-907)
The large bowl is finely worked in repoussé with three rows of overlapping lotus petals, each gilded and exquisitely chased with a pair of birds in flight confronted on a ribbon tied in four loops against a background of leafy foliate sprays amidst leafy foliage, all below a further row of smaller repoussé petals that alternate with clusters of stamen below slender lancelot leaf tips that point towards the everted rim. The center of the interior is chased with a large medallion depicting eight birds in flight against a background of leafy foliate sprays as they encircle a ribbon tied in four loops with trailing ends.
9 5/8 in. (24.5 cm.) diam.; weight 1052 g
状况报告
We have sought to record changes in the condition of this piece acquired after its initial manufacture.
– in overall good condition
– as can be seen in the catalogue illustrations and in X-rays, there is a dove-tailed patch on either side of the mouth rim which are associated with original construction
– two small ancient restored areas (each approx. ½ in.) on either side of the rim near the edge of a patch
– expected few minor nicks and tiny dents to the rim
– expected wear to the gilding and surface wear, and some expected tarnishing
来源
Dr. Johan Carl Kempe (1884-1967) Collection, Sweden, before 1953, no. CK117.
Sotheby’s London, Masterpieces of Chinese Precious Metalwork. Early Gold and Silver, 14 May 2008, lot 54.
出版
Bo Gyllensvärd, Chinese Gold and Silver in the Carl Kempe Collection, Stockholm, 1953, pl. 117.
Bo Gyllensvärd, ‘T’ang Gold and Silver’, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, No. 29, Stockholm, 1957, pl. 24b, fig. 39c.
Han Wei, Hai nei wai Tangdai jin yin qi cuibian [Tang gold and silver in Chinese and overseas collections], Xi’an, 1989, pl. 146.
Chinese Gold and Silver in the Carl Kempe Collection, The Museum of Art and Far Eastern Antiquities in Ulricehamn, Ulricehamn, 1999, pl. 119.
Qi Dongfang, Tangdai jin yin qi yan jiu [Research on Tang gold and silver], Beijing, 1999, cat. no. 50.
展览
Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution, Chinese Gold and Silver in the Carl Kempe Collection, 1954-55, cat. no. 117.
New York, Asia House Gallery, Chinese Gold, Silver and Porcelain. The Kempe Collection, 1971, cat. no. 57, an exhibition touring the United States and shown also at nine other museums.
参考:唐 银烫金动物纹莲瓣碗(正面) 美国弗利尔美术馆藏
Lobed bowl with lotus petals, birds, animals, and floral scrolls
唐 银烫金动物纹莲瓣碗
登记号 F1931.8
历史时期 唐初或中期,七世纪末至八世纪初.唐(618-907 )
外型尺寸 高x直径:5.6 x 14.6厘米(2 3/16 x 5 3/4英寸)
出处 1931年 Yamanaka and Company,波士顿,1931年[1] 从1931年 弗里尔艺术画廊(Freer Gallery)于1931年从波士顿的Yamanaka and Company购买[2]
BR202唐代銀鎏金錘鍱鏨刻雙獅紋四出菱花形盒
唐代銀鎏金鏨刻雙獅紋四出菱花形盒
(高8.2 腹徑15.5 足徑12公分 323公克)
Ref. Sotheby’s
‘lotus and pomegranate’ bowl, Tang dynasty.
Property from the Junkunc Collection
202 唐 銀局部鎏金石榴蓮花紋花式大盌
A superb and important parcel-gilt silver ‘lotus and pomegranate’ bowl, Tang dynasty
Premium Lots
Estimate: 1,000,000 – 1,500,000 USD
Description
A superb and important parcel-gilt silver ‘lotus and pomegranate’ bowl
Tang dynasty
唐 銀局部鎏金石榴蓮花紋花式大盌
rendered in the shape of an open begonia flower, the widely flaring sides divided into four lobes and rising to an everted rim, all raised on a splayed foot of conforming shape, the interior superbly engraved and gilt with a central medallion enclosing an open flower issuing a small pomegranate and flanked by fan-like leaves together with an elaborate stem resembling a peacock tail, all reserved on a ring-punched ground and framed within a lappet border, the interior rim with a finely engraved and gilt band of further blooms on a ring-punched ground, the exterior entirely chased with a lush design of of single and double lotus flowers, some fully in bloom, others transforming into seed pods, with large fanning leaves, all reserved on a ring-punched ground, above a band of overlapping lappets, the foot naturalistically detailed as a furled lotus leaf, the exterior entirely gilt
Width 9 ½ in., 24.3 cm
Condition Report
As visible in the catalogue images, three areas of impact to the wall of bowl: the first which has resulted in a T-shaped crack; another with a 2.5 by 1.8cm section out and re-stuck; and the third an approximately 1.7 by 1.7cm area of impact now consolidated and overlaid with a thin silver sheet to the interior. Some foil restoration to flaked losses of gilding to exterior.
如圖錄所示,盌壁有三處撞痕:其一導致一道T形裂;其二有一約2.5×1.8公分之局部斷裂經重粘;其三約1.7×1.7公分,經加固,以銀片貼補,見於盌內。盌外鎏金斑駁處經貼箔修復。
Provenance
Fritz Low-Beer & Co., New York, 8th February 1951.
Collection of Stephen Junkunc, III (d. 1978).
來源
Fritz Low-Beer & Co.,紐約,1951年2月8日
史蒂芬•瓊肯三世(1978年逝)收藏
Literature
Bo Gyllensvärd, ‘T’ang Gold and Silver’, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 1957, no. 29, pl. 20d and figs 42a, 85d and 96h.
Han Wei, ed., Hai nei wai Tangdai jinyinqi cuibian [Compilation of Tang gold and silver vessels from inland and overseas], Xi’an, 1989, fig. 141 (line drawing).
出版
喜龍仁,〈T’ang Gold and Silver〉,《Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities》,斯德哥爾摩,1957年,編號29,圖版20d及圖42a、85d及96h
韓偉編,《海內外唐代金銀器萃編》,西安,1989年,圖141(線描圖)
Catalogue Note
Tang Gold and Silver: Currency of Influence, Recognition and Tribute at the Court
Regina Krahl
Gold and silver are eternal symbols of wealth and luxury and were coveted in every period, but perhaps never more so than at the court and among the elites of the Tang dynasty (618-907). This silver bowl, with its rich gilding and the baroque opulence of its decoration, is an archetypal work of the period.
Gold and silver vessels were of course used at court, at banquets and in many other ways, but possibly even more important was their utility as gifts. They were ideally suited as imperial rewards for meritorious officials and as presents to foreign envoys and, in turn, as tributes to the Emperor from foreign courts and as respectful presentations to the ruler from the officialdom throughout the Empire. General An Lushan, for example, who prior to his rebellion had been held in high regard by the Emperor Xuanzong (r. 713 – 756), was in 751 lavishly rewarded for a successful military campaign with, among other things, a fine house in the capital “furnished with the richest objects, such as gold and silver utensils” (Edward H. Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand, Berkeley/Los Angeles, 1963, p. 137).
Precious metals were mined within China, but local deposits were insufficient to fulfil the demand, thus they were also imported. Gold and silver utensils were made in imperial workshops, but often to a similar standard also in many private manufactories in various regions. Gold and silversmiths are recorded to have been active in Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Guangxi, and not only tributes to the court but even imperial orders could be fulfilled by local artisans. Precious metal shops selling gold and silver vessels operated of course at the capital, Chang’an (Xi’an in Shaanxi), and in affluent towns such as Yangzhou in Jiangsu, one of the main trading ports. The wide distribution of manufacturing centers of gold and silver wares in the Tang period gave rise to a wide spectrum of styles. That Tang precious metal vessels are nevertheless very rare today, is undoubtedly due to the fact that many were molten down, at times when the metals were scarce.
Gold and silver working was nothing new in the Tang dynasty, but the craft was revived and invigorated through the influx of wares from Central and Western Asia via the Silk Road in the centuries before. Sassanian (224 – 651) gold and silversmiths working in Iran were renowned for their thin-walled beaten utensils of precious metals, in particular their parcel-gilt silver wares, which use the juxtaposition of the two metals to striking effect. It was probably such wares imported by foreign merchants, which introduced this technique that until then had hardly been employed in China. The way the designs are created also follows an Iranian method. The outlines of the motifs are not, as may seem the case, engraved, but created through impressions, in the same way as the ring-punched background, in this case by a continuous series of punches in form of short linear strokes.
With its exquisite shape, lavish decoration and rich gilding, the present silver bowl stands firmly in the tradition of the best Tang silverwares, yet it is in many ways unique. It is extremely rare in being fully gilded on the outside, for example, rather than only to high-light the designs, as on the inside. That leaving part of the silver exposed was a deliberate decorative choice to make use of the attractive gold-silver contrast, rather than a matter of economy, is convincingly documented by the fact that the outside was so lavishly gilded that even the underside of the base and foot were included.
The shape, carefully beaten in proper flower form with lobed petal tips as well as a shaped foot, rather than merely as an indented circular bowl, is a distinctive Tang introduction, which was of course much copied by contemporary potters. The present bowl is unusual, however, in being four-petalled rather than five- or six-lobed, a form often identified as begonia-shaped, and extremely rare in showing a foot conceived like a lotus leaf with curled-up tips.
LINE DRAWINGS OF THE CURRENT LOT ILLUSTRATED IN BO GYLLENSVÄRD, ‘T’ANG GOLD AND SILVER’, BULLETIN OF THE MUSEUM OF FAR EASTERN ANTIQUITIES, STOCKHOLM, 1957, FIGS 85D AND 96H.
The lush floral designs in the center and around the outside at first glance look so highly stylized that the flowers may seem unidentifiable, but a closer look reveals that the artisan has given us distinct clues. On the outside, we see fully opened flowers with many petals, some single, some double, some still showing stamens in the center, while on others the pistils are already transforming into seed pods. These seed pods together with the large folded leaves leave no doubt that it is lotus flowers, the artist had in mind, even if the blooms are depicted with some degree of artistic license.
The flowers cascading down from the rim in between, at the four indents, are, however, distinctly different. They show the same detailing as the design in the center of the bowl and around the inside rim. In the center, we see a wide open flower flanked by fan-like leaves together with a still closed flower reminiscent of a peacock tail or that of the Buddhist kalavinka on some Tang silverwares. Here, the artist also gave a hint for the identification: the center of the open flower is here also developing into a fruit, in this case a pomegranate. While the lotus had become a prime decorative motif with the introduction of Buddhism, the pomegranate was at the time probably still an exotic fruit associated with Persia, whose cultivation especially in north China was not yet secured.
Parcel-gilt silver vessels decorated in a related style, with stylized flowers with opulent blooms high-lighted in gilding, but in repoussé and often in combination with animals, birds or fish in the center, began to appear in the 8th century and have been discovered, for example at the former Daminggong palace site near Xi’an and in hoard finds in the Liaoning/Inner Mongolia region, and are preserved in the Shōsō-in, the storehouse at the Tōdai-ji, Nara, Japan, preserving belongings of Emperor Shōmu (r. 724 – 749) (see Han & Deydier 2001, pls 305, 313, 318-321; and Shōsō-in no hōmotsu, Tokyo, 1989, pl. 113). A few related motifs without repoussé can also be seen among the Hejiacun hoard, the gold and silver treasure of Prince Bin, cousin of the Xuanzong Emperor, that was buried near Xi’an, probably as the imperial family fled the An Lushan rebellion in 755 (e.g. Han & Deydier 2001, pl. 386).
These rich gilded flower designs on a silver ground reached their baroque maturity, however, only somewhat later, in the 9th century. The famous group of five-lobed silver bowls, with and without covers, reputedly found in 1930 in Balin in the Eastern Mongolia/Liaoning region, and today dispersed over several Western collections, is decorated in a very similar style with floral designs only, but without ring-matting in the background. A covered bowl from this group, formerly in the Carl Kempe Collection (Gyllensvärd 1953, pl. 115) and sold in our London rooms, 14th May 2008, lot 64, for example, shows lotus and pomegranate designs very similar to those on the present bowl, although the pomegranate motifs even include small fruits (see line drawings in Gyllensvärd 1957, figs 85c and 96a and i) (fig. 1a-c).
The Balin bowls are generally thought to date from the late 8th or early 9th century. Han (1989) attributes them to a group III and the present bowl a group IV of Tang gold and silver wares, which he settles on either side of an 820/21 divide. This, therefore, should be close to the actual dating of our bowl. He places in the same group IV a circular bowl in the Yamato Bunkakan, Nara, with a continuous floral design of related style (illustrated in a line drawing, Han 1989, fig. 147); and a silver-gilt bowl cover and a quatrefoil dish from a hoard at Yangjiagou, Lantian, Shaanxi (Han 1989, figs 153 and 167), which also included a parcel-gilt silver box dated in accordance with 866 (the dish also illustrated in Han & Deydier 2001, pl. 397).
Gyllensvärd (1957, figs 95 s, t and x) also publishes line drawings of flower scrolls engraved in stone, ranging in date from 780 to 841, showing a similar treatment of the pomegranate motif. The gold and silver vessels donated to the Famen Temple in Fufeng county, Shaanxi, prior to 874, however, are already quite different in style, with only a vague echo of these earlier flower designs still noticeable on some vessels (e.g. Han and Deydier 2001, pls 649 and 670).
FIG. 2. A LARGE PARCEL-GILT SILVER BOWL, LATE TANG DYNASTY. ILLUSTRATED IN INAUGURAL EXHIBITION. CHINESE CERAMICS AND WORKS OF ART, J.J. LALLY & CO, NEW YORK, 1986, CAT. NO. 40.
Close comparisons to the present bowl as a whole are, however, difficult to find. The closest perhaps is a parcel-gilt silver bowl of circular shape, now in the Uldry collection, which is decorated with a continuous design of related flowers and some butterflies on the outside and striations on the foot evoking a leaf shape, all fully covered in gilding, a repoussé fish among flowers in the center, and a similar flower design on a ring-punched ground on the base (Chinesisches Gold und Silber: Die Sammlung Pierre Uldry, Museum Rietberg, Zurich, 1994, cat. no. 146, and Inaugural Exhibition. Chinese Ceramics and Works of Art, J.J. Lally & Co, New York, 1986, cat. no 40) (fig. 2). Compare also a circular silver bowl in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, with related flowers and ducks on the outside and a repoussé deer inside, included in the exhibition Treasures from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, China Institute, New York, 1979, cat. no. 20; and another in the Indianapolis Museum of Art, with a gilt center with a formalized flower roundel, and gilt floral medallions on the outside, in the exhibition The Arts of the T’ang Dynasty, Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, 1957, cat. no. 335.
Literature
Bo Gyllensvärd, Chinese Gold and Silver in the Carl Kempe Collection, Stockholm, 1953.
Bo Gyllensvärd, ‘T’ang Gold and Silver’, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, 1957.
Han Wei, ed., Hai nei wai Tangdai jinyinqi cuibian [Compilation of Tang gold and silver vessels from inland and overseas], Xi’an, 1989.
Han Wei & Christian Deydier, Ancient Chinese Gold, Paris, 2001.
權位榮華:唐代金銀器
康蕊君
金、銀在曆朝歷代均為榮華富貴的代表,而唐代王族權貴對金銀的推崇則無疑更甚。本盌銀製,作局部鎏金,金飾厚重,紋飾瑰麗,若見巴洛克繁縟藝風,屬大唐經典,絕冠之作。
金銀器貴重,除用於大唐宮廷宴會等場合外,其更重要作用在於作為皇室禮贈,用以賞賜政戰功臣、贈予來訪使節,繼而亦成為外邦進獻、朝臣上供的理想佳品。如唐玄宗於公元751年曾賞賜當時尚未叛變的安祿山平亂有功,賜其長安大宅,府邸「裝潢無比富麗,備金銀器等」(薛愛華,《撒馬爾罕的金桃》,伯克利/洛杉磯,1963年,頁137)。
貴重金屬雖在中國本土即有礦場開採,然而產量供不應求,故亦有進口。金銀器雖製於宮廷,然民間多有能工巧匠,出品品質甚至可與御品相比,在河南、安徽、江蘇、江西、浙江及廣西等地均有巧手匠人,既出成品上貢朝廷,亦奉御令專嗣製作。首都長安以及富庶之地如商務港口江蘇揚州等,均有商鋪售賣金銀器。 唐代金銀器分銷廣泛,風格多元豐富,然傳世者甚罕,想必是貴重金屬器常因材料短缺時而遭熔毀所致。
金銀器於唐代之前早已在中國出現,而中西亞金屬器數百年來因沿絲路的傳入,則為本土金銀工藝帶來了更多創新與生命力。薩珊王朝(224-651年)的金銀匠人以所製器壁纖薄而聞名,其局部鎏金銀器更尤為出眾,金銀交相輝映,令人驚嘆。可以推測,因此類銀器經商路傳入,相應特殊製作工藝風格亦得以在中國推廣,其紋飾通常雖看似鏨成,實則是由連續擊打而成的短道組成連貫線條。
本品器形華美,紋飾富麗而鎏金厚重,屬大唐銀器經典,珍稀無比,同時亦有諸多獨特之處。其內作局部鎏金,以突出紋飾效果, 而外則通體鎏金,尤為罕見。因其外壁鎏金瑰麗,連及底部與盌足,故可推斷,內壁未施全金乃為故意營造金銀輝映之美,而絕非惜材所致。
本盌作花式,每瓣立體呈現,整體線條優美流暢,極具大唐風範。同期陶瓷藝匠亦曾仿效此類器形。本盌之花形獨見四瓣而非五或六瓣,此類多被認作為海棠式,而盌足則如蓮葉式,葉尖微曲,異常罕見。
初看之下,盌心及盌壁外側紋飾抽象,難以辨認是何種花卉,而細看則可見藝匠所留下的線索。外側花朵多瓣盛放,或單或雙,部份花心帶蕊,部份可見種莢。觀察種莢及大塊折葉可知,儘管花卉刻劃寫意,藝匠所描繪的應為蓮花無疑。
本拍品紋飾線描圖 著錄於喜龍仁,〈 T ’ANG GOLD AND SILVER〉,《BULLETIN OF THE MUSEUM OF FAR EASTERN ANT IQUITIES》,斯德哥爾摩,1957年,圖 85D及96H
而在每朵蓮花之間可見另一種花卉,由盌口垂散而下,與盌心及盌內口沿紋飾細節相近。盌心見作一朵大花盛放,花外扇形葉紋圍繞,並飾一花苞,宛如孔雀尾羽,亦如佛教迦陵頻伽,後者可見於同期銀器之上。此處藝匠亦留予線索:盌心之花果實初萌,乃為石榴。蓮花自佛教傳入中國後成為佛教中常見紋飾題材,而石榴在當時則屬波斯異果,尚未於中國北方成功種植。
相近風格飾以華麗抽象花紋並配鎏金、且盌心以鏨花技術飾鳥獸魚紋的同類局部鎏金銀器始見於八世紀,曾出土自西安大明宮遺址,以及遼寧、內蒙區域,亦有作例原為日本聖武天皇(724–749年在位)御藏,現存於奈良東大寺正倉院(參考韓偉及戴克成, 2001年,圖版305、313、318-321;《正倉院の寶物》, 東京, 1989, pl. 113)。另比數例,紋飾相近,但無鏨花,出土於何家村窖藏。此窖藏或為邠王府中之物,因公元755年安史之亂所埋(例見韓偉及戴克成,2001年,圖版386)。
圖一A-C 唐銀盌紋飾線描圖 著錄於喜龍仁,〈 T ’ANG GOLD AND SILVER〉,《BULLETIN OF THE MUSEUM OF FAR EASTERN ANTIQUITIES》,斯德哥爾摩,1957年,圖 85C及96A及I
此類銀地鎏金花卉紋飾成熟並盛於九世紀晚期。比較一組著名五瓣銀盌例,見無蓋及連蓋兩類,據傳1930年出土於內蒙古東部近遼寧的巴林地區,現時散落於數個西方收藏,紋飾風格極近,然僅飾花卉,無魚子紋地。 其中一例曾屬卡爾坎普收藏(喜龍仁,1953年,圖版115),連蓋,售於倫敦蘇富比2008年5月14日,編號64,其蓮紋及石榴紋飾與本品非常相近,唯石榴紋並帶小果(見線描圖, 喜龍仁,1957年,圖85c及96a及i)(圖 一a-c)。
一般認為,此組作例製於八世紀晚期或九世紀初期。韓偉(1989年)曾定義上述組例為唐代金銀器之第三組,本盌則屬第四組,斷代公元820/21年左右,故本品年代應近於此。韓偉認為第四組並包括一盌例,現藏於奈良大和文華館,花卉紋飾風格相近(圖見於一線描圖,韓偉,1989年,圖147); 另可比較一盌蓋及盤兩作例, 出土於陝西藍田縣楊家溝(韓偉,1989年,圖153及167),及一局部鎏金銀盒例,斷代公元866年(盤亦載於韓偉及戴克成,2001年,圖版397)。
喜龍仁(1957年,圖95 s、t 及x)並載數幅石刻纏枝花卉紋飾線描圖,斷代公元780至841年之間,與本盌石榴紋飾處理手法相近。而另見一批於公元874年之前捐贈予陝西扶風縣法門寺的金銀器,其風格已經截然不同,雖然在部份作例之上仍可大體辨認,但與早前之花卉紋飾呼應甚微(例見韓偉及戴克成,2001年,圖版649及670)。
整體而言,與本品相近之作例少之又少,最接近者,或為一件銀局部鎏金盌例,現藏於Uldry收藏,外壁飾相類花卉及蝴蝶紋飾,盌足亦如葉形,遍飾鎏金, 盌心飾花魚紋,底部飾相近花卉紋及魚子紋地(《Chinesisches Gold und Silber: Die Sammlung Pierre Uldry》,里特貝格美術館,蘇黎世,1994年,編號146及《Inaugural Exhibition. Chinese Ceramics and Works of Art》,藍理捷,紐約,1986年,編號40)(圖二)。另比紐約大都會藝術博物館收藏一銀盌例,外壁飾相近花卉及瑞鴨紋,內飾鹿紋,曾展於《Treasures from the Metropolitan Museum of Art》,華美協進社,紐約,1979年,編號20;另一例收藏於印第安納波利斯藝術博物館,盌心飾鎏金抽象團花紋,外飾鎏金團花,曾展於《 The Arts of the T’ang Dynasty》,洛杉磯郡藝術博物館,洛杉磯,1957年,編號335。
參考書籍
喜龍仁,《Chinese Gold and Silver in the Carl Kempe Collection》,斯德哥爾摩, 1953年
喜龍仁,〈T’ang Gold and Silver〉,《Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities》,斯德哥爾摩, 1957年
韓偉編,《海內外唐代金銀器萃編》,西安,1989年
韓偉及戴克成,《Ancient Chinese Gold》,巴黎,2001年
Ref. Christie’s 2019
現場拍賣 18338
金紫銀青 – 中國早期金銀器粹珍
拍品 554
唐 銀局部鎏金鏨刻雁穿花紋四曲小長盃
TANG DYNASTY (AD 618-907)
成交價
USD 262,500
估價
USD 50,000 – USD 70,000
拍品終止拍賣:
11 9月 2019
細節
唐 銀局部鎏金鏨刻雁穿花紋四曲小長盃
2 ¼ in. ( 5.7 cm.) wide; weight 27.5 g
來源
Dr. Johan Carl Kempe (1884-1967) Collection, Sweden, before 1953, no. CK95.
Sotheby’s London, Masterpieces of Chinese Precious Metalwork. Early Gold and Silver, 14 May 2008, lot 53.
出版
Bo Gyllensvärd, Chinese Gold and Silver in the Carl Kempe Collection, Stockholm, 1953, cat. no. 95.
Bo Gyllensvärd, ‘T’ang Gold and Silver’, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, No. 29, Stockholm, 1957, pl. 11b, fig. 68c, fig. 69a.
Han Wei, Hai nei wai Tangdai jin yin qi cui bian, [Tang Gold and Silver in Chinese and overseas collections], Xi’an, 1989, pl. 82.
Chinese Gold and Silver in the Carl Kempe Collection, The Museum of Art and Far Eastern Antiquities in Ulricehamn, Ulricehamn, 1999, pl. 97.
Qi Dongfang, Tangdai jin yin qi yan jiu [Research on Tang gold and silver], Beijing, 1999, pl. 19.
展覽
Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution, Chinese Gold and Silver in the Carl Kempe Collection, 1954-1955, cat. no. 95.
New York, Asia House Gallery, Chinese Gold, Silver and Porcelain. The Kempe Collection, 1971, cat. no. 43, an exhibition touring the United States and shown also at nine other museums.
Oxford, Ashmolean Museum, From Silver to Ceramic, the Potter’s Debt to Metal Work in the Graeco-Roman, Oriental and Islamic Worlds, 1986, pl. 31 (bottom).
榮譽呈獻
高麗娜 (Olivia Hamilton)
狀況報告
We have sought to record changes in the condition of this piece acquired after its initial manufacture.
– appears to be in overall good condition
– deep, fine scratch to interior of the cup near the base, this does not appear to be a crack
– expected minor nicks and minor dents to the edges
– expected tarnishing and wear, consistent with age
– very minor malachite encrustation to where the cup meets the stem foot
拍品專文
Cups of this oblong, quatrefoil shape appear to be rare. One raised on a higher foot, in the Pierre Uldry Collection, is illustrated in Chinesisches Gold und Silber, Zurich, 1994, p. 152, pl. 138. A larger (11.7 cm. long) quadrilobed bowl with rounded sides, rather than barbed petal lobes, decorated on the exterior with foliate scroll on a ring-punched ground, but raised on a low, quadrilobed foot, in The Frederick M. Mayer Collection of Chinese Art, was sold at Christie’s London, 24-25 June 1974, lot 167. A plain beaten silver quadrilobed bowl with straight, flared sides, its lobes formed by indentations, in the collection of Mr. and Mrs. Rafi Y. Mottahedeh, is illustrated by Dr. Paul Singer, Early Chinese Gold & Silver, China Institute in America, New York, 1971, p. 58, no. 78, where it is dated Tang.
Bowls of lobed oblong shape are more often found with eight lobes, and of larger size, such as the example in the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, The Avery Brundage Collection, illustrated by Clarence W. Kelley, Tang Dynasty, Chinese Gold & Silver in American Collections, The Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio, 1984, p. 65, no. 31. Another with eight lobes (15.2 cm. long) is illustrated in Sui to no bijutsu, Osaka Municipal Art Museum, 1976, no. 2-16. The origins of these lobed, oval bowls appear to be Sassanian, as evidenced by the parcel-gilt silver, lobed elliptical bowl raised on a slightly flared, oval foot ring, dated 6th century, illustrated by Ann C. Gunter and Paul Jett, Ancient Iranian Metalwork in the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 1992, p. 182, pl. 31.